A total of 226 metabolites are examined in this current work, using 90 references from publications spanning the period from 1974 to the beginning of 2023.
Due to their rapid increase in prevalence over the past three decades, obesity and diabetes have become a significant concern for healthcare professionals. Persistent energy imbalance, a hallmark of obesity, creates a severe metabolic condition, characterized by insulin resistance, and indicative of a strong link to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Unfortunately, treatments for these diseases frequently exhibit adverse side effects, and some treatments are yet to receive FDA approval, creating a financial burden in underdeveloped nations. Thus, the prevalence of natural remedies for obesity and diabetes has increased in recent years due to their lower costs and their minimal side effects or the near absence thereof. In diverse experimental contexts, this review exhaustively explored the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic capabilities of various marine macroalgae and their bioactive components. In vitro and in vivo (animal model) studies, as presented in this review, demonstrate that seaweeds and their active compounds have promising effects in diminishing obesity and diabetes. Yet, the clinical trial efforts related to this particular subject matter are scarce. Consequently, further research examining the impact of marine algal extracts and their biologically active components in clinical trials is essential for crafting more effective anti-obesity and anti-diabetic medications with reduced or absent adverse effects.
The isolation of two linear proline-rich peptides (1-2), bearing an N-terminal pyroglutamate, originated from the marine bacterium Microbacterium sp. V1, found in association with the marine sponge Petrosia ficiformis, was collected from the CO2 vents of Ischia Island, a volcanic location in southern Italy. Peptide generation commenced at a low temperature, employing the one-strain, many-compounds (OSMAC) strategy. An integrated, untargeted MS/MS-based molecular networking and cheminformatic approach detected both peptides alongside other peptides (3-8). The 1D and 2D NMR, coupled with HR-MS, definitively established the planar structure of the peptides; the stereochemistry of the aminoacyl residues, however, was inferred using Marfey's analysis. Microbacterium V1's customized enzymatic breakdown of tryptone is a plausible explanation for the appearance of peptides 1-8. The ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay indicated the antioxidant properties of peptides 1 and 2.
Arthrospira platensis biomass is a sustainable and viable source for bioactive compounds used in the food, cosmetic, and medicine sectors. Different secondary metabolites are obtainable from biomass through unique enzymatic degradation, complementing primary metabolites. Following treatment of biomass with (i) Alcalase serine endo-peptidase, (ii) Flavourzyme (amino-, dipeptidyl-, and endo-peptidases blend), (iii) Ultraflo (endo-13(4)-glucanase, endo-14-xylanase, and -glucanase mixture), and (iv) Vinoflow exo-13-glucanase (all from Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark), hydrophilic extracts were subsequently separated using an isopropanol/hexane mixture. The composition of each aqueous phase extract, including the content of amino acids, peptides, oligo-elements, carbohydrates, and phenols, and their in vitro functional properties were subjects of comparative study. The application of Alcalase, as detailed in this study, facilitates the extraction of eight distinct peptides. The extract processed with prior enzyme biomass digestion demonstrates a 73-fold elevation in anti-hypertensive potential, a 106-fold increase in its anti-hypertriglyceridemic capabilities, a 26-fold improvement in hypocholesterolemic effects, a 44-fold boost in antioxidant activity, and a 23-fold increase in phenol content over the extract obtained without this initial biomass digestion. Alcalase extract's application in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics demonstrates its advantageous qualities.
A notable feature of Metazoa is the widespread conservation of C-type lectins, a family of lectins. The important functional range and immunologic significance of these molecules derive largely from their function as pathogen recognition receptors. A comparative investigation of C-type lectin-like proteins (CTLs) in different metazoan species yielded a notable expansion in bivalve mollusks, which was strikingly different from the limited diversity in other mollusks, particularly cephalopods. The orthology relationships underscored that these expanded repertoires consist of CTL subfamilies consistently preserved within the Mollusca or Bivalvia clade, and lineage-specific subfamilies demonstrating orthology exclusively among closely related species. Through transcriptomic analysis, the importance of bivalve subfamilies in mucosal immunity was revealed, specifically in their concentrated expression within the digestive gland and gills, which adjusted in response to specific stimuli. Studies on proteins that included the CTL domain and additional domains (CTLDcps) unveiled interesting gene families, with conservation of the CTL domain demonstrating substantial variation among orthologous proteins from a range of taxa. Uncharacterized bivalve proteins, identifiable by their specific CTLDcp domain architecture, show changes in their transcriptomic profile, possibly related to an immune function. These proteins offer intriguing prospects for functional characterization.
Human skin needs supplementary protection to counteract the destructive action of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in the wavelength range of 280 to 400 nanometers. Exposure to harmful ultraviolet radiation causes DNA damage, ultimately leading to the development of skin cancer. Sunscreens available offer a measure of chemical protection from the detrimental rays of the sun. In contrast, many synthetic sunscreens exhibit insufficient protection against ultraviolet radiation, attributable to the compromised photostability of their UV-absorbing components and/or their failure to prevent the creation of free radicals, which ultimately contributes to skin damage. In conjunction with other advantages, synthetic sunscreens may have a negative impact on human skin, inducing irritation, speeding up skin aging, and sometimes resulting in allergic reactions. The environmental consequences of using some synthetic sunscreens, in addition to their possible impact on human health, warrant serious attention. Consequently, a crucial element in achieving a sustainable environmental solution and addressing human health concerns is the identification of photostable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and renewable natural UV filters. Within the natural world, marine, freshwater, and terrestrial organisms possess protective mechanisms against harmful ultraviolet radiation (UVR), including the creation of UV-absorbing compounds like mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Promising natural UV-absorbing products, exceeding the capabilities of MAAs, hold significant potential in the future for natural sunscreens. A thorough investigation of UVR's harmful effects on human health, alongside the imperative of utilizing sunscreens for UV protection, is presented, with a particular emphasis on environmentally sustainable natural UV absorbers over synthetic alternatives. click here Examined are the critical limitations and impediments to utilizing MAAs in the composition of sunscreens. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship between the genetic diversity of MAA biosynthetic pathways and their resultant biological effects, and examine the prospects of MAAs for use in human health.
This research project targeted the assessment of the anti-inflammatory activity exhibited by diterpenoid classes isolated from Rugulopteryx algae species. From the extract of Rugulopteryx okamurae, collected along the southwestern Spanish coast, sixteen diterpenoids, including spatane, secospatane, prenylcubebane, and prenylkelsoane metabolites, were isolated (1-16). Eight novel diterpenoids were isolated and their structures determined spectroscopically. These include: the spatanes okaspatols A-D (1-4), the secospatane rugukamural D (8), the prenylcubebanes okacubols A and B (13, 14), and okamurol A (16), displaying a unique kelsoane-type tricyclic diterpenoid skeleton. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory assessments were carried out using Bv.2 microglial cells and RAW 2647 macrophage cells. The induction of nitric oxide (NO) overproduction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Bv.2 cells was substantially suppressed by compounds 1, 3, 6, 12, and 16. Similarly, compounds 3, 5, 12, 14, and 16 effectively diminished NO levels in LPS-treated RAW 2647 cells. Among the compounds tested, okaspatol C (3) showed the strongest effect, entirely eliminating the response to LPS stimulation, both within Bv.2 and RAW 2647 cells.
The positively charged polymer of chitosan, combined with its biodegradability and non-toxicity, has fostered a growing interest in its application as a flocculant. In contrast, the prevailing body of research narrows its scope to the study of microalgae and wastewater treatment technologies. Biomimetic peptides Employing chitosan as an organic flocculant, this study uncovers vital insights into the harvesting of lipids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA-rich Aurantiochytrium sp.). SW1 cell analysis was predicated on examining the correlation between flocculation parameters (chitosan concentration, molecular weight, medium pH, culture age, and cell density) and the efficiency of flocculation and zeta potential measurements. A pronounced correlation was seen between pH and harvesting effectiveness, escalating from 3. Flocculation efficiency surpassing 95% was observed with a 0.5 g/L chitosan concentration at pH 6, where the zeta potential was nearly zero (326 mV). Immune function The culture's age and the molecular weight of chitosan have no bearing on flocculation efficiency; conversely, increased cell density leads to a reduced flocculation effectiveness. This pioneering study uncovers the possibility of employing chitosan as a harvesting alternative for thraustochytrid cells, offering a groundbreaking advancement.
The clinically approved drug Histochrome's active agent is echinochrome A, a marine bioactive pigment isolated from various sea urchin species. Presently, only isotonic solutions of EchA's di- and tri-sodium salts are available, this limitation stemming from its low water solubility and sensitivity to oxidation.